HLT 540 Grand Canyon Entire Course
HLT 540 Grand Canyon Entire Course
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HLT 540 Grand Canyon Entire Course
HLT540
HLT 540 Grand Canyon Week
1 Discussion 1
Why do you think many
healthcare practitioners are often unwilling to change practice patterns, based
on research findings? Some practitioners criticize evidence-based practice as
“cookbook care.” Considering these perceptions, how would you utilize your
education and experiences in planning the implementation of a major change?
HLT 540 Grand Canyon Week
1 Discussion 2
Consider the question:
“Why do physicians and nurses kill more people than airline pilots?” Apply your
critical thinking skills to this argument and critique the statement. First, do
you think it’s true? If it is, what do you think about their rationale? How
would you address it if the question were posed to you in a forum?
HLT 540 Grand Canyon Week
2 Discussion 1
What kinds of extraneous
variables (not cited in the studies) do you think could have affected the
relationships between the independent variables and the dependent variables in
both the Messina et al. and Coyne et al. studies?
HLT 540 Grand Canyon Week
2 Discussion 2
How effectively do you
think the Coyne et al. study and the Messina et al. study both used their
review of literature to help the reader understand why the research question
was asked? How could they have done it more effectively?
HLT 540 Grand Canyon Week
3 Discussion 1
Given that there is a
documented advantage to the use of an experimental and control group design,
discuss why other designs are frequently used, and the situations that may
prompt the use of one.
HLT 540 Grand Canyon Week
3 Discussion 2
Discuss your understanding
of the concept of internal validity in a research study, and the impacts of
several errors or biases that can reduce the study’s validity.
HLT 540 Grand Canyon Week
4 Discussion 1
Why do you think so many
people have problems with using, interpreting, or applying statistics in making
business decisions?
HLT 540 Grand Canyon Week
4 Discussion 2
As you have learned to
evaluate different research studies, what elements seem the most important to
you for evaluation of the research’s quality? Why?
HLT 540 Grand Canyon Week
5 Discussion 1
Discuss the concept of the
normal distribution, why it is important, and what you think it means.
HLT 540 Grand Canyon Week
5 Discussion 2
When students talk about
“grading on the curve,” how does that apply to the normal distribution?
HLT 540 Grand Canyon Week
6 Discussion 1
Discuss the differences
between the concepts of correlation and causality, and why it is critically
important to make sure that the differences are understood?
HLT 540 Grand Canyon Week
6 Discussion 2
What are the indicators
for using a t-test? Create a research scenario in which it would be correct to
use a t-test, including the research question, sample size, and dependent and
independent variables.
HLT 540 Grand Canyon Week
7 Discussion 1
What are the indicators
for using an ANOVA? Create a research scenario in which it would be correct to
use an ANOVA, including the research question, sample size, and dependent and
independent variables.
HLT 540 Grand Canyon Week
7 Discussion 2
What are the indicators
for using a regression analysis? Create a research scenario in which it would
be correct to use a regression analysis, including the research question,
sample size, and dependent and independent variables?
HLT 540 Grand Canyon Week
8 Discussion 1
Re-visit the roadmap that
you began at the start of your program of study. Complete information regarding
this course. In the discussion, reflect on how this course meets your career
goals. What have you gleaned from the course that will help you in your career
path? Respond to at least two other classmates.
HLT 540 Grand Canyon Week
8 Discussion 2
Discuss your thoughts
about the ethics of using informed consent vs. blinding the subjects to the
expected outcomes of the intervention. Should they be told? How much should
they be told? How would the placebo effect be impacted if subjects are told
which intervention is being applied to them?
HLT 540 Grand Canyon Week
2 Assignment
Evidence-Based Research
Interview
Details:
Identify, analyze, and
discuss the components that comprise a valid evidence-based research study.
Based on the information
compiled above, interview a health care leader about his/her experiences
related to using evidence-based research to drive changes in practices in
his/her facility.
Write a report
(1,000-1,250 words) of your findings. Include the following in your report:
1) The changes that the
health care leader has been involved in implementing.
2) How strong did the
leader feel the research on the topic was? Why?
3) Have they ever rejected
research findings? Why or why not?
4) Include any concerns
they have had or resistance they have experienced when implementing changes
based on research.
5) Analyze your findings
as they apply to the components of evidence-based research.
Prepare this assignment
according to the APA guidelines found in the APA Style Guide, located in the
Student Success Center. An abstract is not required.
This assignment uses a
grading rubric. Instructors will be using the rubric to grade the assignment;
therefore, students should review the rubric prior to beginning the assignment
to become familiar with the assignment criteria and expectations for successful
completion of the assignment.
HLT 540 Grand Canyon Week
3 Assignment 1
Coyne and Messina
Articles, Part 1 Analysis
Details:
1) In a paper (1,000-1,250
words), compare and contrast the major elements of the reports by Coyne et al.
and Messina et al., listed in the Module 2 Readings.
2) Complete the “Coyne and
Messina Articles Analysis.” Study the information in the right-side column
related to the Coyne, et al. study, which identifies the required elements as
found in the reading. Complete the information for the Messina et al. article
by identifying the required elements from the article.
3) Prepare this assignment
according to the APA guidelines found in the APA Style Guide, located in the
Student Success Center. An abstract is not required.
4) This assignment uses a
grading rubric. Instructors will be using the rubric to grade the assignment;
therefore, students should review the rubric prior to beginning the assignment
to become familiar with the assignment criteria and expectations for successful
completion of the assignment.
Coyne and Messina Articles
Analysis
As an example guideline,
review the study components in the left-side column of the table below. Read
the study by Messina et al., and build the data in the right-side column with
the key components in that study.
Research Question:
Coyne: Do size and ownership
type make a difference in the efficiency and cost results of hospitals in
Washington state? (Highlight p.164, second column, starting 15 lines from
bottom to seven lines from bottom.)
Messina:
How did the research
question emerge from the review of literature in the article?
Coyne:
Built on an earlier study
by Coyne on performance differences between multi-facility systems and
independent hospitals using two cost measures. Cited studies that used a range
of variables to measure differences in hospital performance, and noted that
prior findings have been inconclusive in regard to hospital size, although
economies of scale were found.
Messina:
Independent Variables
Type:
Coyne:
Hospital size and hospital
ownership structure.
Categorical
Messina:
Dependent Variables
Type:
Coyne:
Efficiency measures –
continuous variables.
Cost measures – continuous
variables.
Messina:
Design Elements
- Quantitative
vs. Qualitative
- Sample Size
- Method of
sample selection
- Experimental
vs. control group?
- Reliable and
valid data instruments?
Coyne:
Quantitative 96
Picked all hospitals in
state, except investor owned hospitals.
No
Used data that are
commonly used to measure hospital efficiency and performance with high degrees
of accuracy (reliable), and data that are historically used and make sense to
other hospital users (valid).
Messina:
Describe analysis.
What statistics were used?
Coyne:
Two-way Analysis of
Variance (ANOVA)
Messina:
Did the researchers’
conclusions make sense, did they answer the research question, and did they
appear to flow from the review of the literature?
Did they explore control
of extraneous variables?
Coyne:
They concluded that size
and ownership type make a difference in reported levels of efficiency. Not for
profits seem to achieve higher performance levels, and medium and large not for
profits operate more efficiently than industry average. The same results were
found for cost levels, in that size and ownership type do make a difference,
with medium sized hospitals reporting lower costs than large or small
hospitals.
Yes, when they called for
national studies that controlled for case mix, scope of services, and payer
mix, all of which could have affected the results in this study in an
unmeasured way.
HLT 540 Grand Canyon Week
3 Assignment 2
Assessing a Research Study
Details:
1) Choose a research study
article of interest to you.
2) Refer to the study you
choose and complete “Assessing a Research Study.”
3) Identify an article
that directly references your chosen study and compare it to your findings.
Does this article refute or confirm the study’s findings?
4) Write a paper
(750-1,000 words) that analyzes and summarizes your findings.
5) Prepare this assignment
according to the APA guidelines found in the APA Style Guide, located in the
Student Success Center. An abstract is not required.
6) This assignment uses a
grading rubric. Instructors will be using the rubric to grade the assignment;
therefore, students should review the rubric prior to beginning the assignment
to become familiar with the assignment criteria and expectations for successful
completion of the assignment.
Assessing a Research Study
Review the study
components in the left-side column of the form below. Refer to the study you
chose, and complete the data in the right-side column with the key components
in that study.
Research Question:
How did the research
question emerge from the review of literature in the article?
Independent Variables
Type:
Dependent Variables
Type:
Identify and Define the
Study Design Elements:
- Quantitative
vs. Qualitative:
- Sample Size
- Method of
sample selection: Explanation.
- Identify and
define the experimental and control groups?
- Reliable and
valid data instruments? Explain.
Describe analysis.
What statistics were used?
Did the researchers’
conclusions make sense, did they answer the research question, and did they
appear to flow from the review of the literature?
Did they explore control
of extraneous variables?
HLT 540 Grand Canyon Week
4 Assignment
Coyne and Messina Articles
Part 2 Statistical Assessment
Details:
1) Write a paper of
1,000-1,250 words regarding the statistical significance of outcomes as
presented in Messina’s, et al. article “The Relationship between Patient
Satisfaction and Inpatient Admissions Across Teaching and Nonteaching
Hospitals.”
2) Assess the
appropriateness of the statistics used by referring to the chart presented in
the Module 4 lecture and the resource “Statistical Assessment.”
3) Discuss the value of
statistical significance vs. pragmatic usefulness.
4) Prepare this assignment
according to the APA guidelines found in the APA Style Guide located in the
Student Success Center. An abstract is not required.
5) This assignment uses a
grading rubric. Instructors will be using the rubric to grade the assignment;
therefore, students should review the rubric prior to beginning the assignment
to become familiar with the assignment criteria and expectations for successful
completion of the assignment
HLT 540 Grand Canyon Week
5 Assignment 1
Broyles Textbook Practice
Exercise
Details:
Complete “Practice
Exercise 1” (page 157) and “Practice Exercise 11” (page 180) in the textbook.
For the data set listed, use Excel to extract the mean and standard deviation
for the sample of lengths of stay for cardiac patients. Use the following Excel
steps:
1) Enter the data set into
Excel.
2) Click on the Data tab
at the top.
3) Highlight your data set
with your mouse.
4) Click on the Data
Analysis tab at the top right.
5) Click on Descriptive
Statistics in the analysis tool list.
6) Find the mean and standard
deviation of the data sets.
7) Send the results to
instructor via e-mail, along with your analysis of the description of the data
set.
APA format is not
required, but solid academic writing is expected.
HLT 540 Grand Canyon Week
5 Assignment 2
Coyne and Messina Articles
Part 3 Spearman Coefficient Review
Details:
1) Write a paper
(750-1,000 words) regarding the use of the Spearman rank correlation
coefficient by Messina, et al. in “The Relationship between Patient
Satisfaction and Inpatient Admissions Across Teaching and Nonteaching
Hospitals,” listed in the module readings.
2) Comment on what
variables were used; whether it answered the research question; and whether the
Spearman rank correlation coefficient is appropriately used, given the requirements
of the Spearman rank correlation coefficient.
3) Prepare this assignment
according to the APA guidelines found in the APA Style Guide, located in the
Student Success Center. An abstract is not required.
HLT 540 Grand Canyon Week
6 Assignment 1
Yeung Analysis
Details:
1) Refer to “The Use of
Electro-Acupuncture in Conjunction with Exercise for the Treatment of Chronic
Low-Back Pain” by Yeung, Leung, and Chow.
2) Complete “Yeung
Analysis Worksheet.”
3) Examine the question
the researchers were trying to answer and write an essay (500-750 words) that
explains why you feel the t-test was chosen. Choose one of the other tools
studied so far in this course and explain why it would not provide relevant
findings.
4) Prepare this assignment
according to the APA guidelines found in the APA Style Guide, located in the
Student Success Center. An abstract is not required.
5) This assignment uses a
grading rubric. Instructors will be using the rubric to grade the assignment;
therefore, students should review the rubric prior to beginning the assignment
to become familiar with the assignment criteria and expectations for successful
completion of the assignment.
Yeung Analysis Worksheet
What was the research
question?
What were the independent
variables?
What was the dependent
variable?
What was the sample size
and how was it chosen?
What was the experimental
design and use of control group?
Were the instruments of
measurement shown to be reliable and valid?
What data types were
included?
Describe the statistics used,
what they were used for, and the results.
What were the researchers’
conclusions? How did they answer the research question(s)?
How was error controlled?
Did you see any concerns
with the research study? If so, what?
HLT 540 Grand Canyon Week
6 Assignment 2
Correlation between Two
Variables
Details:
Use Excel to do a
correlation between the following variables:
1) X – 2,5,5,6,6,7,8,9
2) Y – 1,2,2,3,4,4,5,5
This assignment uses a
grading rubric. Instructors will be using the rubric to grade the assignment;
therefore, students should review the rubric prior to beginning the assignment
to become familiar with the assignment criteria and expectations for successful
completion of the assignment.
HLT 540 Grand Canyon Week
6 Assignment 3
T-Test for Two Sample
Details:
A drug company is
measuring levels of oxygenation in patients after receiving a test medication.
As the researcher, you are interested in whether Group I, which received the
medication, has the same oxygenation levels as Group II, which did not.
1) Group 1:
2,3,3,4,4,7,8,9
2) Group 2:
1,2,2,3,4,4,5,5,6,8
Use Excel to run a t-test
for two samples, assuming equal variances, with an alpha value of 0.05. Run the
t-test and note:
1) Are you doing a
one-tailed test or a two-tailed test (Excel will give you both)?
2) What is the probability
that Group I is different from Group 2, using the p value? Is it significant
against the benchmark of p < .05?
APA format is not
required, but solid academic writing is expected.
This assignment uses a
grading rubric. Instructors will be using the rubric to grade the assignment;
therefore, students should review the rubric prior to beginning the assignment
to become familiar with the assignment criteria and expectations for successful
completion of the assignment.
HLT 540 Grand Canyon Week
7 Assignment 1
Broyles Textbook Exercise
1
Details:
1) Use Excel to complete
“Exercise 1” on page 247 (Regression Analysis) in the textbook.
2) Answer the questions at
the end of the exercise.
3) APA format is not
required, but solid academic writing is expected.
This assignment uses a
grading rubric. Instructors will be using the rubric to grade the assignment;
therefore, students should review the rubric prior to beginning the assignment
to become familiar with the assignment criteria and expectations for successful
completion of the assignment.
HLT 540 Grand Canyon Week
7 Assignment 2
Broyles Textbook Exercise
7
Details:
1) Use Excel to complete
“Exercise 7” on page 208 (ANOVA) in the textbook.
2) Answer the questions at
the end of the exercise.
3) APA format is not
required, but solid academic writing is expected.
This assignment uses a
grading rubric. Instructors will be using the rubric to grade the assignment;
therefore, students should review the rubric prior to beginning the assignment
to become familiar with the assignment criteria and expectations for successful
completion of the assignment.
HLT 540 Grand Canyon Week
7 Assignment 3
Roddy and Ganz Assessments
Details:
1) Use “Roddy and Ganz
Worksheets” to complete an assessment of the research studies: “Evidence-Based
Clinical Guidelines: A New System to Better Determine True Strength of
Recommendation” by Roddy et al., and “ICU Nurses’ Oral-Care Practices and the
Current Best Evidence” by Ganz et al.
2) In a paper (1,000-1,250
words), analyze and support whether you believe that the changes recommended
are statistically valid and sound enough to make practice changes in a
hospital.
3) Prepare this assignment
according to the APA guidelines found in the APA Style Guide, located in the
Student Success Center. An abstract is not required.
4) This assignment uses a
grading rubric. Instructors will be using the rubric to grade the assignment;
therefore, students should review the rubric prior to beginning the assignment
to become familiar with the assignment criteria and expectations for successful
completion of the assignment.
Roddy Analysis Worksheet
Using the worksheet below,
complete an assessment of the following article.
Roddy, E., Zhang, W.,
Doherty, M., Arden, N. K., Barlow, J., Birrell, F., et al. (2006).
Evidence-based clinical guidelines: A new system to better determine true
strength of recommendation. Journal of Evaluation in Clinical Practice, 12(3),
347-352. Retrieved from.gcu.edu:2048/login?url=http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=a9h&AN=20870724&site=ehost-live&scope=site”>http://library.gcu.edu:2048/login?url=http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=a9h&AN=20870724&site=ehost-live&scope=site
What was the research
question?
What were the independent
variables?
What was the dependent
variable?
What was the sample size
and how was it chosen?
What was the experimental
design and use of control group?
Were the instruments of
measurement shown to be reliable and valid?
What data types were
included?
Describe the statistics
used, what they were used for, and the results.
What were the researchers’
conclusions? How did they answer the research question(s)?
How was error controlled?
Did you see any concerns
with the research study? If so, what?
Ganz Analysis Worksheet
Using the worksheet below,
complete an assessment of the following article.
Ganz, F., Fink, N.,
Raanan, O., Asher, M., Bruttin, M., Nun, M., et al. (2009). ICU nurses’
oral-care practices and the current best evidence. Journal of Nursing
Scholarship, 41(2), 132-138. Retrieved
from.gcu.edu:2048/login?url=http://proquest.umi.com.library.gcu.edu:2048/pqdweb?did=1780947491&sid=1&Fmt=3&clientId=48377&RQT=309&VName=PQD”>http://library.gcu.edu:2048/login?url=http://proquest.umi.com.library.gcu.edu:2048/pqdweb?did=1780947491&sid=1&Fmt=3&clientId=48377&RQT=309&VName=PQD
What was the research
question?
What were the independent
variables?
What was the dependent
variable?
What was the sample size
and how was it chosen?
What was the experimental
design and use of control group?
Were the instruments of
measurement shown to be reliable and valid?
What data types were
included?
Describe the statistics
used, what they were used for, and the results.
What were the researchers’
conclusions? How did they answer the research question(s)?
How was error controlled?
Did you see any concerns
with the research study? If so, what?
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